MOORE, J.
The Housing Authority of the City of Shreveport appeals a judgment holding it liable for a dog bite inflicted by a dog belonging to one of its tenants, Tamika Fair, on another of its tenants, Mary Odom. Finding manifest error, we reverse and render.
Factual and Procedural Background
Mary and Cornell Odom lived in a rent house owned by the Authority at 1161 Dunbriar Dr., in the Cherokee Park area of Shreveport. Their next-door neighbor, Tamika Fair, also rented a house from the Authority. The Odoms testified that in late 2009, Ms. Fair brought a white pit bull to her house and kept it in the fenced backyard. They described the dog as aggressive and vicious, barking at them ferociously and jumping on the chainlink fence to snarl at anyone who happened by. However, Ms. Fair kept the dog in the fenced area, and the Odoms never confronted her about it. Animal Control records showed that on July 28, 2010, Mr. Odom called to report a dog "running loose," but he did not report the dog was vicious.
On October 8, 2010, shortly after she got home from her job at Horseshoe Casino, Ms. Odom went to her front yard to water flowers when she saw the dog on the loose and coming at her in attack mode. She did not have time to run inside. It bit her upper leg and did not let go until she struck its head with her bucket. Mr. Odom took her to Willis-Knighton Quick Care in Bossier City, and later to other healthcare providers; her medical bills came to $1,933.28. She testified that she had a permanent scar on her thigh.
In December 2010, Ms. Odom filed this suit against Ms. Fair, alleging her liability as the owner of an animal under La. C.C. art. 2321. However, after the dog bite, Ms. Fair absconded; despite appointing two private process servers, Ms. Odom could never effect service on her. Ms. Fair did not participate in the proceedings.
Ms. Odom filed two amended petitions adding the Authority as a defendant. She alleged that the Authority failed to "monitor" its premises for risks and hazards, failed to require its tenant, Ms. Fair, to keep the dog in a secured area, and allowed its tenant to continue to maintain an animal "known to attack without provocation."
The Authority denied liability and asserted that its dwelling lease prohibited residents from keeping animals in the dwelling unit, with certain exceptions not applicable to this case and, in all events, subject to approval by the Authority.1 The Authority alleged that Ms. Fair signed the lease but never got approval to keep a dog, she was in breach of her lease, and the Authority had no knowledge of her pit bull. The Authority also moved for summary judgment, showing that a landlord is liable for a dog bite caused by its tenant's dog only if the landlord had actual knowledge of the dog's vicious propensity. Turnbow v. Wye Electric Inc., 38,948 (La. App. 2 Cir. 9/22/04), 883 So.2d 469; Murillo v. Hernandez, 00-1065 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/31/00), 772 So.2d 868. The district court denied the motion on grounds that knowledge is not suitable for disposition by summary judgment.
Action in the District Court
The matter came to trial in November 2013. Cornell Odom testified that the dog barked all the time and "acted like" it wanted to attack humans, but never actually did so until it bit his wife. He confirmed that he called Animal Control on July 28, 2010, and insisted he told them the dog was "vicious," but admitted that the detailed report admitted in evidence said only that the dog was a stray. He admitted he never called the Authority about the dog, but he stated that on several occasions Authority personnel, wearing uniforms and riding in a marked truck, came to Ms. Fair's house for maintenance work; they would never enter the backyard until she physically picked up the dog and carried it inside.
Mary Odom confirmed her husband's testimony, admitting that she never called the Authority to report the dog, as she "assumed" somebody else would. In response to leading questions, she said she relied on her landlord to protect her.
The Odoms also called a Ms. Pickett, an employee of the Caddo Parish Animal Shelter, who verified Mr. Odom's report of a stray dog in July 2010, and testified it was not the Shelter's policy to notify a landlord of a complaint about an animal at his property.
On cross-examination, Travis Bogan, an executive at the Authority, confirmed that the lease prohibited Ms. Fair from having a pit bull on the property, and that she had no exemption from the prohibition. Mr. Bogan admitted that the Authority could have evicted her for this violation had he known about it. He showed that the Authority sent Ms. Fair a notice on February 24, 2010, advising that it would inspect her premises on March 4, 2010, between 8 a.m. and noon; he agreed that the inspector, if he saw a dog, would be required to report this fact to the Authority. There was, however, no report of a dog, and Mr. Bogan insisted he had no knowledge of Ms. Fair's pit bull until it bit Ms. Odom. On direct exam, Mr. Bogan clarified that his employees came to rent houses to perform maintenance, not to enforce pet policy, and they had no duty to report unless the animal was acting vicious or aggressive. The Authority called no maintenance workers to confirm or refute seeing Ms. Fair's dog.
The court ruled from the bench that this "is not a 2321 article case," and distinguished Turnbow and Murillo on grounds that Ms. Odom was not a guest on the property but a next-door neighbor. The court found that the Authority had a duty to protect her, and the dog had aggressive behavior. The court accepted Mr. Odom's testimony that Authority employees had come to Ms. Fair's house and seen the dog; ergo, the Authority had actual knowledge of its viciousness. The court found the Authority 100% at fault for the injury, declining to assess any comparative fault for the Odoms' failure to report the dog earlier. The court totally omitted any mention of Ms. Fair's liability as the owner of a vicious dog. The court awarded general damages of $15,000 and the special damages of $1,933.28.
The Authority has appealed, raising four assignments of error.
Discussion
By its first two assignments of error, the Authority urges the court erred in finding that it had actual knowledge of a vicious animal being located on the property, or that its employees had knowledge that could be imputed to the Authority. It urges that to be liable for a tenant's dog, a landlord must have actual knowledge of the dog's aggressive nature, citing Turnbow and Murillo, supra. It shows that the Odoms did not report the dog to the Authority; their report to Animal Control was only about a stray dog, not a vicious one; and they presented no evidence to corroborate their claim that this pit bull was aggressive. It also argues that in Turnbow, supra, the landlord's employees knew there were several pit bulls and a bullmastiff on the premises, and the court found this evidence insufficient to impute knowledge to their employer. It concludes the court was plainly wrong to find actual or imputed knowledge. These interrelated arguments have merit.
Liability for damage caused by animals is regulated by La. C.C. art. 2321, which provides as follows:
The owner of an animal is answerable for the damage caused by the animal. However, he is answerable for the damage only upon a showing that he knew or, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have known that his animal's behavior would cause damage, that the damage could have been prevented by the exercise of reasonable care, and that he failed to exercise such reasonable care. Nonetheless, the owner of a dog is strictly liable for damages for injuries to persons or property caused by the dog and which the owner could have prevented and which did not result from the injured person's provocation of the dog. Nothing in this Article shall preclude the court from the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in an appropriate case.
A plaintiff seeking damages for a dog bite must show that the dog posed an unreasonable risk of harm. Pepper v. Triplet, 2003-0619 (La.1/21/04), 864 So.2d 181; McBride v. XYZ Ins. Co., 41,129 (La.App. 2 Cir. 6/28/06), 935 So.2d 326. The dog owner's liability arises solely from the legal relationship between the owner and the animal; the owner's duty is nondelegable. Rozell v. Louisiana Animal Breeders Coop. Inc., 434 So.2d 404 (La.1983); McBride v. XYZ Ins., supra. A lessor or landowner may also be found liable, on a theory of general negligence, for injuries caused by a tenant's dog, but only on a showing that the lessor or landlord had actual knowledge of the animal's vicious propensities. Turnbow v. Wye Elec., supra; Murillo v. Hernandez, supra; Smith v. Kopynec, 2012-1472 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/7/13), 119 So.3d 835.
The appellate court will not set aside the district court's factual finding unless it is manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong. Broussard v. State, 2012-1238 (La.4/5/13), 113 So.3d 175, and citations therein. The appellate court's duty is not to review the findings for absolute correctness but to determine whether they are reasonable on the record as a whole. Id.; Stobart v. State, 617 So.2d 880 (La.1993).
On close review, this record does not support the district court's finding of actual knowledge on the part of the Authority. Although the Odoms established that the dog barked a lot and clawed at the fence with its paws, there is no evidence that it ever bit or attacked anyone prior to this incident. There is also no evidence that the Odoms ever reported the dog to the Authority; the one time Mr. Odom notified Animal Control, he called it a stray, not a vicious animal. Admittedly, they testified that Ms. Fair carried the dog inside when the Authority's maintenance men called; however, Mr. Bogan testified without contradiction that his employees were not tasked with enforcing pet policy or inspecting for technical violations of the lease. Simply put, this evidence does not approach the threshold showing of actual knowledge required to impose landlord liability under Turnbow, Kopynec and Murillo, supra. In fact, this showing is considerably weaker than that made in Turnbow, in which this court affirmed a finding that the landlord did not have sufficient actual notice to be liable for injuries caused by its tenant's dog. The court's finding is manifestly erroneous and must be reversed.
With this finding, we pretermit any consideration of the Authority's remaining arguments. We would only reiterate that under La. C.C. art. 2321, the dog owner's liability is a form of strict liability premised on the relationship between the owner and the dog, and is nondelegable. Rozell v. Louisiana Animal Breeders Coop., supra; McBride v. XYZ Ins., supra. Hence, if the district court found that the dog posed an unreasonable risk of harm, it was legal error to assign no liability to the owner, Ms. Fair; however, this determination is unnecessary, as the claim against the Authority fails for lack of actual knowledge. We would also note that the award, while on the high side, is subject to the "much discretion" of the judge or jury. La. C.C. art. 2324.1; Howard v. Union Carbide Corp., 2009-2750 (La.10/19/10), 50 So.3d 1251; Guillory v. Lee, 2009-0075 (La.6/26/09), 16 So.3d 1104.
Conclusion
For the reasons expressed, the judgment is reversed insofar as it found the Housing Authority of the City of Shreveport liable for the dog bite and awarded damages. Judgment is rendered herein dismissing all claims against the Authority. Trial and appellate costs are assessed to Ms. Odom.
REVERSED AND RENDERED.
BROWN, C.J., concurs.
BROWN, Chief Judge, concurs.
"With this finding, we pretermit any consideration of the Authority's remaining arguments." At this point the opinion should have ended but it did not. Instead, in a single sentence the writer decided issues no longer in play, as follows: "Hence, if the district court found that the dog posed an unreasonable risk of harm, it was legal error to assign no liability to the owner, Ms. Fair; however, this determination is unnecessary, as the claim against the Authority fails for lack of actual knowledge. We would also note that the award, while on the high side, is subject to the much discretion of the judge or jury." 21 C.J.S. Courts § 227:
Dictum is a statement on a matter not necessarily involved in the case, and is not binding as authority. Dictum is an opinion expressed by a court, but which, not being necessarily involved in the case, is not the court's decision. It is an opinion expressed by a judge on a point not necessarily arising in the case, or a statement in an opinion not responsive to any issue and not necessary to the decision of the case ... Dictum, as a general rule, is not binding as authority or precedent. For purposes of stare decisis, dictum is not a holding. In federal Courts of Appeals, dicta are not binding on future panels.
The Supreme Court of the United States has said that dictum settles nothing. Jama v. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 543 U.S. 335, 125 S.Ct. 694, 160 L.Ed.2d 708, 2 A.L.R. Fed. 2d 675 (2005). See also, Avants v. Kennedy, 00-0046 (La.02/02/00), 752 So.2d 150.
I disagree with the dicta gratuitously offered by the writer. The majority offers no methodology by which trial judges in future cases are to be guided.
Under La. C.C. Art. 2321, the owner of the dog is strictly liable. The Louisiana Supreme Court observed in Veazey v. Elmwood Plantation Associates, Ltd., 93-2818 (La.11/30/94), 650 So.2d 712, 714:
Given the fact that we have held herein that the concept of comparative fault as it exists in Louisiana is broad enough to encompass the comparison of intentional acts and negligence in appropriate factual circumstances, we see no reason why the same sort of case-by-case analysis as that employed by the courts in a strict liability setting should not be employed by the courts in determining whether to apply comparative fault principles in cases where it is alleged that comparative fault exists among intentional tortfeasors (in this case a rapist) and negligent tortfeasors (landlord). That being said, public policy considerations inherent in the question of whether such a comparison should be made compel us to find, as did the trial court, that such a comparison should not be made in this particular case. (Emphasis added).
First, and foremost, the scope of Southmark's duty to the plaintiff in this case clearly encompassed the exact risk of the occurrence which caused damage to plaintiff. As a general rule, we find that negligent tortfeasors should not be allowed to reduce their fault by the intentional fault of another that they had a duty to prevent. See Kansas State Bank & Trust Co. v. Specialized Transportation Services, Inc., 249 Kan. 348, 819 P.2d 587, 606 (1991).
Second, Southmark, who by definition acted unreasonably under the circumstances in breaching their duty to plaintiff, should not be allowed to benefit at the innocent plaintiff's expense by an allocation of fault to the intentional tortfeasor under comparative fault principles. Given the fact that any rational juror will apportion the lion's share of the fault to the intentional tortfeasor when instructed to compare the fault of a negligent tortfeasor and an intentional tortfeasor, application of comparative fault principles in the circumstances presented in this particular case would operate to reduce the incentive of the lessor to protect against the same type of situation occurring again in the future. Such a result is clearly contrary to public policy. (Emphasis added).
In Turner v. Massiah, 94-2548 (La.06/16/95), 656 So.2d 636, 639, the Louisiana Supreme Court stated:
The damage here, Stage 2 breast cancer, cannot be apportioned between the two tortfeasors because the damage is not severable; it is indivisible.
In Turner, supra, the court also noted that:
Apportioning or separating the injuries caused by one of the doctors from the injuries caused by the other simply cannot be done. "No ingenuity can suggest anything more than a purely arbitrary apportionment of such harm." Id.
